This paper argues that it is not reasonable for a critical rationalist to be a religious believer in the Abrahamic tradition. The argument is distinctive, in that it takes seriously the critical rationalist view that we should abandon ‘justificationist’ argument. What this means, is that the structure of argument then becomes a matter of offering theories as resolutions of problems, and then judging how they fare in the face of ongoing critical appraisal. The paper surveys issues in several areas, including God and what is good; homosexuality; mysticism; and messianic ideas. It argues that, unless the believer engages in intellectual retreat (something that is unacceptable for the critical rationalist), the problem-situation facing the believer appears to be so daunting that it would be unreasonable for them to hope that they can overcome it.

One can discuss reasonable society from different aspect; therefore, in this paper, western and Islamic points of view are pointed out in the field. First of all, principles, aspects, foundations as well as benefits of such a society have been presented. Then, Islamic view will be brought up. In the end, we go for similarities and differences amongst Western and Islamic views. Foundations of such a society have been known to be based on Islamic thought following purposes like eradicating ignorance, spiritual prosperity, making equilibrium between one's corporeal and spiritual aspects and morals. The characteristic of Western reasonable society is also set forth.

Some legal systems have identified the special rights as «droit de suite» or «resale royalty right» for the protection of creators of works of graphic or plastic art. But this right is not recognized in the Iranian legal system. This research has tried to explain various aspects of the resale right by examing the legal systems of France, the UK and Europe Union. Resale right enables author of an original work of art to claim a portion of the price for which a work is resold. This right is based on equitable considerations and includes original artwork that has passed out of artists hands after the first sale. It is an inalienable and unwaivable right, in fact the right is not assignable but after death, passes with the author’s estate. The royalty according with Conditions could paid by the seller or buyer or intermediaries art market professionals.

The understanding of the basics and principles of inference of Islamic jurisprudence- specially Shi'a jurisprudence- is founded on studying the several and different titles. One of these is the reasonable principles and evidences of that's inference - based upon Shi'a viewpoint. A part of them is quality and kinds of reasonable reasonings and this article contains considering these. There are two viewpoints between jurisconsults practicing Islamic jurisprudence (mojtahedaan) and this difference has caused two Islamic schools, with believing in different basics and oppinions - Who are nominated Osulyyon and Akhbaryyon. Then, The quality of that impression of reasonable inference at types of commandments and precepts - containing factual or outward ones - and review of rational evidences and reasonings concerned to practical principles will reveal the importance and place of the object. Finally, the studying of history of shi'a jurisconsults, oppinions about reasonable deductions will well clear the historical changes of that object.

According to Common Law Rules of England, obligation by one party is enforceable when the other has provided a consideration or the contract has been put in a deed. In some common law jurisdictions, such as Australia, Canada and the United States, another doctrine, named Reasonable Reliance, has developed, which could act as surrogate for the doctrine of consideration. English courts, however, have not been prepared to accept such function for this doctrine. According to the doctrine, act of one party when it has been relied by the other, may give rise to an obligation on the first party. This doctrine has been criticized in Common Law countries and may be criticized from the Iranian law viewpoint. However, it has many points in common with some rules in Islamic jurisprudence and Iranian law, and review of this doctrine could prepare a suitable ground for the comparison between Common Law and Islamic jurisprudence and Iranian law in a small part of the law of obligations.

Introduction: Ambiguous genitalia is a medical emergency in newborns and effort is made to perform sex reassignment and reconstructive surgery as soon as possible. However, conflict between the assigned sex and later gender identity are still present in many cases. This discrepancy between sexual and gender identities leads to several complications that are the focus of the present study. Materials and Methods: The literature review was performed by searching some knowledge-based databases such as Medline/PubMed (from the National Library of Medicine), Scopus, PsyClic and the Iranian Scientific Information Database (SID) on the internet and all the available articles in relevant journals published up to August 2009. Results: A significant number of intersex individuals suffer from incoherence be-tween the sex reassigned to them by the medical team, and their gender identity revealed to them in teen ages or adulthood. As an adult, a large number of these indi-viduals do not live according to their early reassigned sex and some may seek further sex reassignment congruent to their gender identity. A number of these cases have spoken out against the treatments performed during their childhood. They believe that the current treatment strategies for intersex individuals are paternalistic and incompat-ible with codes of medical ethics and human rights.Conclusion: The current knowledge about the complexities of sexual identity devel-opment, gender identity, gender role and sexual orientation is sparse and incompre-hensive. The current approach for the management of infants with ambiguous geni-talia seems to need major reevaluation. It seems better to defer any sex reassignment and reconstructive surgery until their gender is revealed and they are legally eligible to decide about these issues by themselves.

With the spread of standard technologies in all fields, especially communications technology, standard essential patents have gained much importance. For the sake of assurance as to access to such patent, standard organizations have required the owners to undertake to grant license on this basis is to prevent owners of standard essential patents from abusing their exclusive power in the market and committing anti-competitive acts. Meanwhile, they are entitled to earn appropriate remuneration for their essential patents. There are controversies as to conditions of the said obligations. There have been a number of cases which present a common practice with regard to preventing abuse of excusive power and anti-competitive acts. The results of this analytic-descriptive study show the importance of a balance between the interests of standard essential patents owners and those enforcing standards and in order to preserve competition, the conditions of granting licenses must be determined clearly. In the absence of specific provisions, in the Iranian law, in order to regulate standard essential patents, recourse may be made to the rules on compulsory licenses and prevention of abuse of dominant position in the act on the implementation of article 44 of the constitution. Meanwhile, specific provisions for standard essential patents would clarify the legal status of such patents and reduce disputes.